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Trends in Engineering Education

Engineering is an increasingly growing field in the UK, and it houses three of the world’s top ten universities for engineering: Imperial College London, University of Cambridge, and University of Oxford. Currently, the UK has over half a million engineers working in the country, and this number is expected to continue growing as engineering breakthroughs spur increased interest in the field.

Birmingham City University Video Case Study

Engineering has been the driving force behind many technological breakthroughs in the past few years. From self-driving cars, machine learning, telecommunication, and space launches – the many branches of engineering are coming together to solve many pressing societal and environmental problems of today. Elon Musk’s story, shows how revolutionising the fields of science and engineering involves merging them with entrepreneurship. And he did this on a global scale. His innovative and entrepreneurial mind spurred the development of SpaceX and Tesla, with no signs of stopping as he continues to dedicate his wealth and energies to building his vision of the future.

In the same vein, James Dyson’s background in industrial design has changed how we think about engineering. The British inventor’s vision for home innovations is a case study for experimentation and observation. He believes that we can find solutions to common problems by observing the world around us. An excellent example is how he developed the Dual Cyclone technology for his appliances – the idea came from studying how a cyclone works in nature and then applying that principle to a vacuum cleaner.

Wanda Harding is another person of interest in the field of engineering. A champion for women and people of colour in STEM, she was the senior mission manager of the Mars Curiosity Rover when it touched down on Mars in 2012. This NASA engineer and rocket scientist is directly involved in engineering education to encourage children to pursue STEM. She believes engineering classrooms should be about solving problems and learning the theory behind specific solutions.

These frontrunners are inspiring the direction that engineering education programs are heading. Many of them are designed not just to impart traditional knowledge but also to encourage the next generation of innovators across all backgrounds.

Today, we will discuss three emerging trends in engineering education:

1. Soft skills development

Besides mastering the core curriculum, engineering students must develop soft skills to excel in their professional careers. These soft skills include communication, organisational leadership, and conflict resolution. They are just as important as technical know-how when conducting day-to-day roles in their chosen industry. As engineers climb the professional ladder, they inevitably have to lead a team or mentor younger engineers in their field. Attaining success in these aspects requires having the ability to communicate clearly and effectively, solve problems quickly and manage different personalities in their teams. Knowing the pressing need for soft skills among STEM majors, forward-thinking universities such as the University of Bolton and Aston University have integrated collaboration, inclusion, and communication courses into their curricula. These subjects are designed to develop soft skills in engineering students.

2. Focus on sustainability

Sustainability is a critical pillar of contemporary engineering education. Today, there is an emphasis on integrating the humanities and the engineering sciences to install a desire in students to attempt to solve environmental and societal problems. This kind of collaboration is a growing trend in professional spaces. For instance, The Guardian assembled a team of software engineers and reporters to build tools for climate reporting. A deeper understanding of sustainability needs an interdisciplinary approach, which can only be done when sustainability is integrated into engineering curriculums. To achieve this, UK universities with engineering programs such as the University of Leeds have linked up with environmental bodies such as the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.

3. Emphasis on diversity

Diversity is a pressing problem in the field of engineering. It is an area historically dominated by white, middle, or upper-class men, but engineering education is starting to reshape this reality. Harnessing the diverse talent of the UK’s society requires proactive effort from educational institutions. Schools like the Royal Academy of Engineering have made strides in this aspect by investing more in their diversity and inclusion action plans and partnering with key organisations such as the Women’s Engineering Society and LGBTQ+ networks for engineers in the UK. These efforts are actually amounting to concrete results, with Engineering UK noting an increase in the number of women employed within the engineering sector.

Leveraging the potential of engineering to solve the world’s most complex problems involves a constant transformation of engineering education. These trends demonstrate that UK engineers today are not armed with technical acumen; they are also prepared to create a more inclusive, prosperous, and sustainable world.

TecQuipment (TQ) Equipment That Can Be Delivered in 4-6 Weeks!

All TQ products are made to order and can sometimes take up to 20 weeks to be delivered. TQ currently has some great products in-stock that can be delivered within 4-6 weeks!

 

AYVA has partnered with TecQuipment (TQ) to provide a wide range of engineering training equipment for colleges and universities across Canada. TQ products are robust and designed to withstand long term, heavy laboratory & classroom use and come with a 5 year warranty. This ensures reliable operation over many years & a high standard of teaching & learning.

Part # Product QTY Available
AF1300A CYLINDER MODEL 3
AF1300D SET OF 2 NACA 0012 AEROFOILS 1
AF1300F BOUNDARY LAYER MODEL 1
AF1300H AIRCRAFT MODEL HIGH WING 1
AF1300L S1210 AEROFOIL 1
AF1300Q NACA 0012 WING WITH WINGTIP(S) 1
AF1300T THREE COMPONENT BALANCE 2
AF1300Z BASIC LIFT AND DRAG BALANCE 1
AFA11 SMOKE GENERATOR 1
AFA4 BALANCE  ANGLE FEEDBACK UNIT 1
AFA5 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE UNIT 5
AP2 ANALOGUE PRESSURE DISPLAY 3
AVF1 MANUAL VOLUMETRIC FUEL GAUGE 1
CE106 BALL AND BEAM APPARATUS 1
EC1500V REFRIGERATION CYCLE 1
ECA101 CYLINDER HEAD PRESSURE TRANSDUCER 2
ECA102 CRANK ANGLE SHAFT ENCODER 1
ES10 PULLEY KIT 11
ES11 DRIVE SYSTEMS KIT 13
ES12 CAM, CRANK & TOGGLE KIT 6
ES14 SIMPLE MECHANISMS KIT 1
ES15 BAR LINKAGES KIT 4
ES16 CENTRIFUGAL FORCE KIT 12
ES17 ROTATIONAL FRICTION KIT 13
ES18 ADDITIONAL MECHANISMS KIT 16
ES19 SPRING TESTER KIT 6
ES2 FORCES KIT 29
ES3 MOMENTS KIT 23
ES4 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS KIT 2
ES5 TORSION OF CIRCULAR SECTIONS KIT 18
ES6 TENSILE TESTER KIT 4
ES7 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION KIT 24
ES8 FRICTION & INCLINED PLANE KIT 19
ES9 POTENTIAL & KINETIC ENERGY KIT 14
ESF ENGINEERING SCIENCE FULL SET 1
EST ENGINEERING SCIENCE STORAGE UNIT 6
ESX ENGINEERING SCIENCE SPARES KIT 10
ETL SET OF 5 TRAYS AND LIDS 1
FC15 FLOW VISUALISATION CHANNEL 1
FC300K2 FC300K2 ROUGHENED BED – SAND 1
FC50 2.5 METRE FLUME 2
FC80A CYLINDRICAL GATE 2
FC80B RADIAL SECTOR GATE 3
FC80C SLUICE GATE AND DYE KIT 1
FC80E DAM SPILLWAY 2
FC80H PARSHALL FLUME 2
FC80P CULVERT MODEL 1
FC80SF SEDIMENT FEEDER 1
FC80U FLOW SPLITTER 2
GT103A DIGITAL PRESSURE INDICATOR 1
H10 FLOW MEASUREMENT 2
H11 CENTRE OF PRESSURE 6
H16P ROUGHENED PIPE 2
H19 PELTON TURBINE 3
H1D/A SET OF WEIRS FOR H1D 8
H1D/B ADVANCED SET OF WEIRS FOR H1D 4
H1X HYDRAULIC BENCH CONVERSION KIT 1
H1X HYDRAULIC BENCH CONVERSION KIT 1
H2 (MKII) METACENTRIC HEIGHT AND STABILITY 5
H2A (MKII) ADDITIONAL FLOATING BODIES 2
H30 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT BENCH 2
H314A SURFACE TENSION BALANCE 3
H4 FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE 4
H40 FLOW METER CALIBRATION 2
H40A PITOT TUBE 3
H410 VISCOSITY AND PARTICLE DRAG 2
H5 BERNOULLI’S THEOREM 1
H6 DISCHARGE OVER A NOTCH 8
H8 IMPACT OF A JET 3
H85A GEAR PUMP 5
H85B PISTON PUMP 3
H85C CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 3
H85D AXIAL ROTODYNAMIC 5
H85E VANE PUMP 7
H85G CHANNEL IMPELLER 6
H85V MULTI-PUMP TEST BENCH 13
H8A ADDITIONAL IMPACT PLATES 1
H9 HELE-SHAW APPARATUS 1
H9A HEADER TANK 1
MF40 (MKII) MATERIALS LAB WITH DATA CAPTURE 1
OS1 OSCILLOSCOPE 1
OT1 OPTICAL TACHOMETER 1
RVH3 REMOTE VIEW HARDWARE BUNDLE 3 1
SM1000F COIL SPRING 1
SM1000G BEAM AND LEAF SPRING 4
SM1000H CUPPING TEST 1
SM1000J DOUBLE SHEAR TEST 8
SM1002 BENCH TOP TENSILE TESTING MACHINE 2
SM1002A EXTENSOMETER FOR SM1002 5
SM1002B COMPRESSION CAGE 2
SM1002C BRINELL HARDNESS TEST SET 2
SM1004D1 BASIC COMPOSITE BEAM SET 1
SM1005A SET OF ADDITIONAL STRUTS 1
SM1005B1 BASIC COMPOSITE BEAM SET 1
SM1005B2 CORED COMPOSITE BEAM SET 1
SM1005B3 VARIABLE STIFFNESS COMP. BEAM SET 1
SM1009A TENSILE SPECIMENS FOR SM1009 2
SM110 HOOKE’S LAW AND SPRING RATE 2
STF1 STATICS WORK PANEL 9
STF2 SUSPENSION CABLE DEMONSTRATION 5
STF3 EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY 6
STF5 EQUILIBRIUM OF A BEAM 5
STS10 TWO PINNED ARCH 2
STS11 FIXED ARCH 3
STS12 EULER BUCKLING OF STRUTS 7
STS13 CONTINUOUS AND INDETERMINATE BEAM 5
STS14 CURVED BARS AND DAVITS 1
STS15 PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF BEAMS 6
STS15A SPECIMEN BEAMS FOR STS15 3
STS16 PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF PORTALS 2
STS17 REDUNDANT FRAME TRUSS 2
STS18 FRAME DEFLECTIONS AND REACTIONS 1
STS19 SIMPLE SUSPENSION BRIDGE 3
STS20 BENDING MOMENTS IN A PORTAL FRAME 2
STS21 SUSPENSION BEAM BRIDGE 1
STS22 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM 2
STS4 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS & CANTILEVERS 14
STS5 BENDING STRESS IN A BEAM 3
STS6 TORSION OF CIRCULAR SECTIONS 6
STS7 UNSYMM. BENDING AND SHEAR CENTRE 1
STS8 PIN JOINTED FRAMEWORKS 1
STS8A STRUCTURES LOAD CELL 5
STS9 THREE-PINNED ARCH 6
SW1 STOPWATCH 3
TD1002 HEAT TRANSFER EXP. BASE UNIT 1
TD1002A (MKII) LINEAR HEAT CONDUCTION EXP (MKII) 6
TD1002B RADIAL HEAT CONDUCTION EXPERIMENT 2
TD1002C EXTENDED SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER 4
TD1002D CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUIDS & GASSES 3
TD1004V EXPANSION OF A PERFECT GAS 1
TD1360A CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER 2
TD1360B PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER 3
TD1360C SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER 2
TD202 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE 1
TD211 MODIFIED 4 STROKE PETROL ENGINE 1
TD212 MODIFIED 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE 1
TDX00A EXHAUST GAS CALORIMETER 1
TM1027 GOVERNORS 1
TM160 FREE VIBRATIONS TEST FRAME 5
TM161 SIMPLE AND COMPOUND PENDULUMS 5
TM163 CENTRE OF PERCUSSION 2
TM164 FREE VIB. OF A MASS SPRING SYSTEM 5
TM164A DAMPER KIT FOR TM164 MASS/SPRING 1
TM165 FREE TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS 2
TM165A DAMPER KIT FOR TM165 5
TM166 FREE VIBRATIONS OF A CANTILEVER 1
VDASe-lab1 VDAS ELECTRONIC LABORATORY 14
VDASe-lab5 VDAS ELECTRONIC LABORATORY 5
VDASe-labU VDAS ELECTRONIC LABORATORY 3
WT WEIGHT HANGER  AND 10g WEIGHTS 18
WTL SET OF 1g WEIGHTS 8

Chemvue

Chemvue is an intuitively designed software for chemistry investigations, programmed with input from faculty for college lab student success. It enables convenient data collection and analysis, elegant college lab report design, and easy export options. Coming soon to your local device.

Our new chemistry application is built with your needs in mind. Measurements begin instantaneously upon pairing sensors to give students immediate digital readouts of the phenomenon they are measuring. The reported units communicate significant figures correctly, and units can be easily converted by a menu drop-down option.

 

PASCO is looking for University/College chemistry instructors and lab managers to try Chemvue and provide feedback.

Your expertise can shape the future of Chemvue! Follow this link to sign up and join our Chemvue preview group, and feel free to provide feedback using the link within the software.

Register to Preview Chemvue

 

Already have Chemvue? Interact with a free sample data set!

Download free sample data sets (descriptions below) to analyze and edit on your own! We collected the data here at PASCO, so all you have to do is open the file in Chemvue and begin investigating.

Evaporative Cooling

Explore evaporative cooling rates of methanol, ethanol, and propanol. (Data collected using our Wireless Temperature Sensor.)

Download Data Set

Boyle’s Law

Investigate how gas responds when the volume of its container changes. (Data measured with our Wireless Pressure Sensor.)

Titration Curves

Compare titration curves of various strong and weak acids. (Volume measured using our Wireless Drop Counter.)

 

Why Chemvue?

Informed UI/UX & Feature Design:

          Designed in collaboration with college chemistry professors.

Innovative Technology Integration:

          Engineered with state-of-the-art data collection and lab reporting.

Improved Investigation & Analysis:

          Envisioned to improve lab efficiencies and student learning.

Chemvue has three methods of data input:

  • Capture real-time measurements from sensors
  • User-entered data
  • Calculations on column data. Analysis calculations allow for finding slope, best fit, area under the curve, and count of events measured in the selection. Communicate your measurements clearly with labels, annotations, and customizable column titles.

Chemvue is compatible with PASCO’s award-winning line of chemistry sensing equipment.

Students can:

  • Measure ion concentrations in solution
  • Determine reaction kinetics by color changes
  • Monitor gas pressure concurrently with volume or temperature changes
  • Log solution volumes to find acid-base strengths
  • Determine solution potentials from their electric potentials
  • Track battery capacity following current levels
  • Investigate nuclear probabilities measuring rates of decay from unstable isotopes
  • And much more

Features

With features designed specifically for chemistry courses, this interface simplifies workflow to maximize student efficiency during lab time.

  • Auto-Configuration

Chemvue recognizes and auto-configures an appropriate page setup based on the device you connect. Did you connect PASCO’s Wireless pH Sensor and Drop Counter? Chemvue recognizes you want to run a titration. Auto-configuration also applies to our spectrometers, colorimeter, Geiger counter, and melt point apparatus.

  • Calibration

Calibration can easily be set via the measurement dropdown menu from the digital display, graph axes, or table headings when sensors are connected.

  • Calculator

Use existing data points to calculate new meaningful values, manipulate data to show linear relationships, or convert measurement units.

  • Number Formatter

Choose significant figures, fixed decimal places, or scientific notation to display your data and edit them anytime.

  • Sampling Options

Choose from a wide range of sampling intervals for data point collection to fit your experimental needs.

  • Export Options

Promote student collaboration with export options at the click of a button. Chemvue supports the sharing of CSV data and PNG images, allowing students to share, analyze, and write up their labs on any device with any software.

  • Dark Mode

Reduce eye fatigue and make your data stand out with Dark Mode; toggle between modes while using the software, and export screenshots with light or dark backgrounds–perfect for presentations.

How Do I? Videos

Follow along with the Chemvue “How Do I?” YouTube tutorial videos to easily navigate Chemvue’s features and displays.

For many more Chemvue “How Do I?” tutorial videos, click the link below.

Video Tutorial Collection

Chemvue Experiments

Explore these college-level General Chemistry lab activities designed to work with Chemvue software.

Physical and Chemical Changes

Kinetics: Reaction Order and Rate Constant

To view more Experiments in the Chemvue Collection, click the button below.

Chemvue Labs for College Chemistry

Data Collection

Connect to a PASCO sensor wirelessly or using a USB cable. Chemvue utilizes the newest Bluetooth® technology, and wireless sensors pair through a simple in-app list so no system settings are required. With multiple sensors in most labs, easily connect the correct sensor from a proximity sorted list of sensors (6-digit laser-etched ID number).

Connect wirelessly to a PASCO sensor
Comparing titrations of several acids helps students understand how concentration, strength and polyprotism impact curve shape and location.
Titration graph showing pH vs. Volume as titrant is added to solution.

Immediately choose from dozens of sensed properties based on which instrument is connected: Temperature, pressure, mass, conductivity, light absorption, gas concentrations (O2, CO2, and ethanol), voltage, current, pH, ion selective electrodes, radiation, sound, humidity and atmospheric conditions. The list of possibilities grows as tools are added to the PASCO line! Easily connect to Chemvue and start capturing values to record on your device for further analysis.

Select regions on your graph to compare values, interpolate data, and explore formulas that best describe the relationship between the variables. Use tools like tangent lines to determine reaction rates, and calculate the area under the curve to determine how much has reacted.

Easily stretch axes scale your graph, drag your graph to areas of interest, or select and zoom in to magnify data points. In-context tools make it simple to find what you’re looking for, which means that students spend their time learning the science, not the software.

Boyles Law showing relationship between volume and pressure of a contained gas.

Data Sharing and Export

When it’s time for students to submit their work, students can easily export an image of their graph, export the data to a .csv file to work in a spreadsheet, or save it in our Chemvue format. This file can be shared by email or sent via bluetooth (whatever your device supports) back to themselves to design their lab write-ups.

 

What Are Owl Pellets?

owl pellets

See what you can learn about birds by studying the pellets they leave behind.

Most birds cannot chew their food, and owls are no exception. Owls usually swallow their prey whole. Owls differ from other species of birds because they do not have a crop, the baglike organ used to store food after it has been swallowed so that it can be digested later. In owls, food passes directly from the mouth to the gizzard. The gizzard is an organ that uses digestive fluids and bits of sand and gravel to grind and dissolve usable tissue from the prey.

The types of tissue that can be dissolved by an owl’s digestive system include muscle, fat, skin, and internal organs. These tissues are broken down into a variety of nutritional substances by the owl’s gizzard and intestines. Some of these tissues (e.g., fur and bones) cannot be digested. The digestible material, along with other waste collected throughout the body, is ejected from the vent, which is the combination reproductive and excretory opening in birds. The pasty white excrement is known as urea. It is rich in nitrogen and similar to urine in mammals, only thicker.

What happens to the indigestible material?

Indigestible material left in the gizzard such as teeth, skulls, claws, and feathers are too dangerous to pass through the rest of the owl’s digestive tract. To safely excrete this material, the owl’s gizzard compacts it into a tight pellet that the owl regurgitates. The regurgitated pellets are known as owl pellets.

Owl pellets are useful to researchers because they can find out quite a bit about an owl’s lifestyle through careful examination of the pellet’s contents. Since most of the prey’s bones are not actually broken during the attack and the subsequent digestion process, they can be readily identified in the pellet. Most pellets include a skull or skulls, which makes identification of the prey relatively simple. If an owl consumes multiple prey in a short period of time, it forms one large pellet from the remains.

Large owls are obviously capable of making large pellets. However, since large owls do not always eat large prey, one cannot always determine the size of the owl that left a given pellet solely based on the size of the pellet. In addition, a startled owl may eject a pellet that is not fully compacted, thereby giving the pellet a larger appearance than normal. Other species of birds such as hawks and eagles produce pellets, but they are smaller and contain fewer animal parts than those produced by owls.

Skulls and other bones can be found during an owl pellet dissection.

Storing and regurgitating pellets

An owl pellet generally reaches its final form a few hours after the owl has eaten. However, the pellet is not usually ejected immediately after it is formed. Owls can store a pellet in a structure known as the proventriculus for as long as 20 hours before disgorging it. Since the stored pellet partially blocks the entrance to the digestive system, it must be ejected before the owl can eat again. Young owls do not produce pellets until they have begun to eat their prey whole.

The actual process of regurgitating a pellet lasts from a few seconds to several minutes. The pellet is forced out by spasms of the owl’s esophagus. These spasms make the owl look like it is coughing painfully. However, it is not hurt by the process because the pellet remains soft and moist until it leaves the owl’s body.

Identifying pellets

The shape and texture of a given owl pellet depends on the species of the owl that produced it and the type of prey that the owl consumed. Some pellets are tightly compacted, oval, and furry. Others are loosely compacted with an irregular shape. Pellets are moist when they are first ejected, but quickly dry out and start to decompose once they leave the owl’s body. Owl pellets are typically found near places where owls perch, such as under trees and near barns.

Barn Owl pellets are typically medium sized, smooth, cylindrical, and dark. The tiny Elf Owl has a very small pellet that is dry and loosely compacted, a result of its largely insect diet. The Great Horned Owl can produce pellets that are 3 to 4 inches long. These pellets are usually cylindrical and tightly compacted. The exterior of the pellet can vary greatly due to the vast array of prey that Great Horned Owls consume.

Owl pellet dissection resources

An owl pellet dissection gives students a glimpse into the life of an animal they may never see in the wild. Pellets tell us what the owl eats, where it is likely to roost, what small mammals live nearby, and even the relative proportions of those animals. Safe owl pellet dissections can build toward several NGSS standards across grade levels.

 

Storage and Disposal of Preserved Specimens

Easy. Reliable. Secure.

Many dissection labs can spread across multiple class periods and days at a time. Whether you’re looking to preserve specimens for only a few months or a much longer period, Carolina has you covered.

Vacuum-packed specimens

Vacuum-packed specimens are stored in vacuum-sealed, leak-proof plastic barrier bags. Specimens are offered as either single-packed (one specimen per bag) or bulk-packed (more than one specimen per bag). Single-packed bags are easy to distribute to students in small groups, while bulk-packed bags are ideal for teachers looking to use more than one specimen at once. Quantity discounts are only available for bulk-packed bags. 

In order to retain moisture of the specimens and fend off mold growth, Carolina’s Wetting Solution can be used between dissection labs. After spraying specimens with the solution, they can be returned to the vacuum-sealed bags and sealed with clips or rubber bands. This bag can be placed within a second resealable bag for added protection.

Disposal Methods

Disposal of specimens has never been easier than with Carolina’s Perfect Solution®. However, before disposing of any specimens or fluids, it is advised to contact local waste or wastewater authorities to confirm that the disposal procedure is acceptable at your school. It is also important to address disposal with a supervisor if your school contains its own septic system or aerobic waste treatment system.

Specimens stored in Carolina’s Perfect Solution® can generally be disposed of in a school’s regular waste. These specimens do not fall under hazardous waste and do not pose a biohazardous threat. It is recommended to double bag any specimens that are being disposed of as an additional precaution.

Fluids involved in pails containing Carolina’s Perfect Solution® can be put down the sink and washed down with lots of water. The fluid is not classified as chemical waste.

It is still important to wear appropriate PPE when disposing of Carolina specimens and fluids, including gloves, an apron, and splash goggles, and to work in a well ventilated area.

 

Temperature Probe – Chemical Compatibility

A: Excellent,
B: Good,
C: Fair to Poor,
D: Not recommended
Chemical 304 Stainless Steel (PS-2153) 316 Stainless Steel (PS-3201)
Acetaldehyde A A
Acetamide D A
Acetate Solvents D A
Acetic Acid D B
Acetic Acid — 20% B A
Acetic Acid — 80% D B
Acetic Acid — Glacial C A
Acetic Anhydride D B
Acetone A A
Acetone 70°F A A
Acetonitrile (Methyl Cyanide) A A
Acetophenone A B
Acetyl Chloride B B
Acetylene A A
Acrylonitrile A A
Adipic Acid B B
Aero Lubriplate A A
Aerosafe 2300 A A
Aerosafe 2300F A A
Aeroshell 17 Grease A A
Aeroshell 1Ac A A
Aeroshell 750 A A
Aeroshell 7A Grease A A
Alcohol A A
Alcohol: Amyl A A
Alcohol: Benzyl B B
Alcohol: Butyl A A
Alcohol: Diacetone A A
Alcohol: Ethyl A A
Alcohol: Hexyl A A
Alcohol: Isobutyl A A
Alcohol: Isopropyl B B
Alcohol: Methyl A A
Alcohol: Octyl A A
Alcohol: Propyl A A
Alkaline Solutions A A
Allyl Alcohol A A
Allyl Chloride B B
Almond Oil (Artificial) B B
Aluminum Acetate (Burow’s Solution) C B
Aluminum Chloride D C
Aluminum Chloride 20% D C
Aluminum Fluoride D D
Aluminum Hydroxide B C
Aluminum Nitrate A A
Aluminum Phosphate A A
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate D B
Aluminum Potassium Sulfate 10% A A
Aluminum Sulfate B B
Amines A A
Ammonia 10% A A
Ammonia Anhydrous A A
Ammonia Nitrate A A
Ammonia, anhydrous B A
Ammonium Acetate B A
Ammonium Bifluoride D B
Ammonium Carbonate B B
Ammonium Casenite A A
Ammonium Chloride C C
Ammonium Fluoride D A
Ammonium Hydroxide B A
Ammonium Nitrate A A
Ammonium Oxalate A A
Ammonium Persulfate A B
Ammonium Phosphate A A
Ammonium Phosphate, Dibasic B C
Ammonium Phosphate, Monobasic B C
Ammonium Phosphate, Tribasic B B
Ammonium Sulfate B B
Ammonium Sulfite B B
Ammonium Thiosulfate A A
Amyl Acetate (Banana Oil) A A
Amyl Alcohol A A
Amyl Chloride (Chloropentane) A A
Aniline A B
Aniline Dyes B B
Aniline Hydrochloride D D
Animal Fats & Oils A A
Anti-Freeze (Alcohol Base) A A
Anti-Freeze (Glycol Base) A A
Antimony Trichloride D D
Aqua Regia (80%, Hci, 20% Hno3) D D
Arochlor 1248 B B
Aroclor B B
Aromatic Hydrocarbons A C
Arsenic Acid B A
Arsenic Trichloride D D
Asphalt B A
Asphalt Emulsions A A
Atmosphere, Industrial B A
Automatic Brake Fluid A A
Automatic Transmission Fluid A A
Automotive Gasoline (Standard) A A
Aviation Gasoline A A
Banana Oil A A
Barbeque Sauce A A
Barium Carbonate B B
Barium Chloride B C
Barium Cyanide A A
Barium Hydroxide B B
Barium Nitrate B B
Barium Sulfate B B
Barium Sulfide B B
Beer A A
Beer (Alcohol Ind.) A A
Beer (Beverage Ind.) A A
Beet Sugar Liquids A A
Beet Sugar Liquors A A
Benzaldehyde B B
Benzene B B
Benzene Hot B B
Benzene Sulfonic Acid B B
Benzoic Acid B B
Benzol A A
Benzonitrile D D
Benzyl Alcohol A A
Benzyl Benzoate B B
Benzyl Chloride C B
Bleaching Powder (Wet) A D
Blood A A
Blood (Meat Juices – Cold) B A
Borax (Sodium Borate) A A
Bordeaux Mixtures A A
Boric Acid B A
Brake Fluid (Non-Petroleum Base) A A
Brewery Slop A A
Bromine D D
Bromine Dry Gas D D
Bromine Moist Gas D D
Bromine-Anhydrous D D
Bromobenzene B B
Bunker Oil A A
Butadiene A A
Butane A A
Butanol (Butyl Alcohol) A A
Butter C A
Buttermilk A A
Butyl Acetate B C
Butyl Acetyl Ricinoleate A A
Butyl Amine A A
Butyl Benzoate B B
Butyl Ether B A
Butyl Phthalate B B
Butyl Stearate B B
Butylene A A
Butyric Acid B B
Calcium Bisulfide B B
Calcium Bisulfite B A
Calcium Carbonate (Chalk) B B
Calcium Chloride C C
Calcium Chloride Saturated A A
Calcium Hydroxide B B
Calcium Hydroxide 10% A A
Calcium Hydroxide 20% A A
Calcium Hydroxide 30% A A
Calcium Hypochlorite C C
Calcium Hypochlorite 2% Boiling C B
Calcium Nitrate C B
Calcium Nitrite A A
Calcium Oxide A A
Calcium Sulfate B B
Calcium Sulfide B B
Calgon A A
Cane Juice A A
Cane Sugar Liquors A A
Carbitol B B
Carbolic Acid (Phenol) B B
Carbon Bisulfide B B
Carbon Dioxide A A
Carbon Dioxide (dry) A A
Carbon Dioxide (wet) A A
Carbon Disulfide B B
Carbon Monoxide A A
Carbon Tetrachloride B B
Carbon Tetrachloride (dry) B B
Carbon Tetrachloride (wet) A A
Carbonated Water A A
Carbonic Acid B B
Catsup (Ketchup) B B
Caustic A A
Cellosolve B B
Cellosolve, Acetate B B
Cellosolve, Butyl B B
Chloric Acid D D
Chlorinated Water B B
Chlorine (dry) D B
Chlorine (Wet) D D
Chlorine Dioxide D D
Chlorine Trifluoride A A
Chlorine Water C C
Chlorine, Anhydrous Liquid D D
Chloroacetic Acid D B
Chloroacetone B B
Chlorobenzene B B
Chlorobromomethane B B
Chlorobutadiene B A
Chloroform A A
Chloronaphthalene B B
Chlorophenol B B
Chlorosulfonic Acid D D
Chlorosulfonic Acid Dilute D D
Chlorotoluene B B
Chlorox® (Bleach) A A
Chocolate Syrup A A
Chromic Acid – 5% B A
Chromic Acid – 50% C B
Chromic Acid 10% B B
Chromic Acid 30% B B
Chromic Acid Concentrated C C
Chromic Acid Dilute A A
Cider (Apple Juice) A A
Citric Acid B A
Citric Acid Dilute A A
Coca Cola Syrup A A
Coconut Oil (Coconut Butter) A A
Cod Liver Oil A A
Coffee A A
Copper Acetate C C
Copper Chloride D D
Copper Cyanide B B
Copper Fluoborate D D
Copper Fluoride D D
Copper Nitrate A A
Copper Nitrite A A
Copper Sulfate A A
Copper Sulfate – 5% Solution A A
Copper Sulfate >5% B B
Copper Sulfate 5% B B
Corn Oil B A
Cream D A
Creosote Hot B B
Cresols A A
Cresylic Acid A A
Crude Oil A A
Cupric Acid D B
Cupric Chloride B B
Cutting Oil (Sulfur Base) A A
Cutting Oil (Water Soluble) A A
Cyanic Acid A A
Cyclohexane B A
Cyclohexanol B B
Cyclohexanone B B
Denatured Alcohol A A
Detergent Solutions A A
Detergents General A A
Developing Fluids (Photo) A B
Diacetone A A
Diacetone Alcohol B B
Diacetone Alcohol (Acetal) A A
Dibenzyl Ether B B
Dibutyl Phthalate A A
Dibutyl Sebecate A A
Dichlorobenzene A B
Dichlorodifluoro Methane A B
Dichloroethane B B
Diesel Fuel A A
Diethanolamine A A
Diethyl Ether B B
Diethyl Sebecate A A
Diethylamine B B
Diethylene Glycol A A
Diisobutylene B B
Dimethyl Aniline B B
Dimethyl Formamide A B
Dimethyl Phthalate A B
Dioctyl Phthalate A A
Dipentene A A
Diphenyl B B
Diphenyl Ether A A
Diphenyl Oxide B A
Dowtherm Oil A A
Dry Cleaning Fluid A A
Dyes A A
Epichlorohydrin A A
Epsom Salts (Magnesium Sulfate) A B
Ethane A A
Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol) A A
Ethanolamine A A
Ether A A
Ether Sulfate D D
Ethers B B
Ethyl Acetate B B
Ethyl Acetate 120° F B B
Ethyl Acetate 140° F B B
Ethyl Acetate 70° F B B
Ethyl Acrylate A A
Ethyl Benzene B B
Ethyl Benzoate A A
Ethyl Butyrate A A
Ethyl Cellulose B B
Ethyl Chloride A A
Ethyl Chloride Wet D A
Ethyl Ether B B
Ethyl Formate B B
Ethyl Mercaptan B B
Ethyl Silicate A A
Ethyl Sulfate D D
Ethylene (Ethene) A A
Ethylene Bromide A B
Ethylene Chloride B B
Ethylene Chlorohydrin B B
Ethylene Diamine B B
Ethylene Dibromide B B
Ethylene Dichloride B B
Ethylene Glycol B B
Ethylene Oxide C C
Ethylene Trichloride A A
Fatty Acids B A
Ferric Chloride D D
Ferric Chloride Concentrated D D
Ferric Nitrate B B
Ferric Sulfate B A
Ferrous Chloride D D
Ferrous Sulfate B B
Fluoboric Acid B B
Fluorine C A
Fluorine (Liquid) A A
Fluorine Gas Dry – 300° F A B
Fluorine Gas Wet D D
Fluosilicic Acid C B
Formaldehyde D A
Formaldehyde 40% A A
Formic Acid C C
Freon – Wet C D
Freon 11 A A
Freon 112 A A
Freon 113 A A
Freon 114 A A
Freon 114B2 A A
Freon 115 A A
Freon 12 B B
Freon 13 A A
Freon 13B1 A A
Freon 14 A A
Freon 21 A A
Freon 22 A A
Freon 31 A A
Freon 32 A A
Freon 502 A A
Freon Bf A A
Freon C318 A A
Freon Dry A A
Freon Dry F11 A A
Freon Dry F12, F113, F114 A A
Freon Dry F21, F22 A A
Freon K-142B A A
Freon K-152K A A
Freon Mf A A
Freon Pca A A
Freon TF A A
Freonr 11 A A
Fruit Juice A A
Fuel Oils (ASTM #1 thru #9) A A
Furan (Furfuran) A A
Furan Resin A A
Furfural (Ant Oil) B B
Gallic Acid B B
Gas Natural A A
Gasoline (Aviation) A A
Gasoline (high-aromatic) A A
Gasoline (Leaded) A A
Gasoline (Meter) A A
Gasoline (Unleaded) A A
Gasoline Leaded Refined A A
Gasoline Sour A A
Gasoline Unleaded Refined A A
Gelatin A A
Glucose (Corn Syrup) A A
Glue (PVA) B A
Glycerin (Glycerol) A A
Glycol B B
Glycolic Acid A A
Glycols B B
Gold Monocyanide D A
Grape Juice A A
Grapefruit Oil A A
Grease A A
Grease (Ester Base) A A
Grease (Petroleum Base) A A
Grease (Silicone Base) A A
Helium A A
Heptane A A
Hexamine A A
Hexane A A
Hexanol Tertiary A A
Honey A A
Hydraulic Oil (Petro) A A
Hydraulic Oil (Petroleum Base) A A
Hydraulic Oil (Petroleum) A A
Hydraulic Oil (Synthetic) A A
Hydrazine A A
Hydrobromic Acid D D
Hydrobromic Acid 20% D D
Hydrochloric Acid – 10% D D
Hydrochloric Acid – 20% D D
Hydrochloric Acid – 37% D D
Hydrochloric Acid 100% D D
Hydrochloric Acid, Dry Gas D D
Hydrocyanic Acid B A
Hydrofluoric Acid D D
Hydrofluoric Acid (Conc.) (Cold) D D
Hydrofluoric Acid (Hot) D B
Hydrofluoric Acid 100% D B
Hydrofluoric Acid 20% D D
Hydrofluoric Acid 50% D D
Hydrofluoric Acid 75% D D
Hydrofluosilicic Acid 100% D D
Hydrofluosilicic Acid 20% C D
Hydrogen Chloride Gas Dry A A
Hydrogen Chloride Gas Wet D B
Hydrogen Cyanide B A
Hydrogen Fluoride Anhydrous B A
Hydrogen Gas A A
Hydrogen Peroxide – 10% B B
Hydrogen Peroxide – 100% B A
Hydrogen Peroxide – 30% B B
Hydrogen Peroxide – 50% B A
Hydrogen Sulfide (dry) C A
Hydrogen Sulfide (wet) C A
Hydrogen Sulfide Dry C A
Hydroquinone B B
Hypochlorous Acid D D
Ink (Printers) C C
Iodine D D
Iodoform B B
Isobutyl Alcohol A A
Isooctane A A
Isophorone A A
Isopropyl Acetate C B
Isopropyl Alcohol A A
Isopropyl Chloride A A
Isopropyl Ether A A
Jet Fuel (JP1 to JP6) A A
Jp-1 A A
Jp-2 A A
Jp-3 A A
Jp-4 A A
Jp-5 A A
Jp-6 A A
Jp-X A A
Kerosene A A
Ketchup A A
Ketones A A
Lacquer Solvents A A
Lacquer Thinners A A
Lacquers A A
Lactic Acid B B
Lard B A
Lard Oil (Cold) A A
Lard Oil (Hot) A A
Latex A A
Lauryl Alcohol (N-Dodecanol) A A
Lead Acetate B B
Lead Molten B B
Lead Nitrate B B
Lead Sulfamate C C
Lemon Oil A A
Ligroin A A
Lime A A
Lime Bleach A A
Lime Sulfur A A
Lineoleic Acid B A
Linoleic Acid B A
Lithium Chloride A A
Lithium Hydroxide B B
Lubricants A A
Lubricants (Petroleum) A A
Lubricating Oil A A
Lubricating Oil Di-Ester A A
Lye (Calcium Hydroxide) B B
Lye (Potassium Hydroxide) B A
Lye (Sodium Hydroxide) B B
Lye 10% B A
Lye 50% B B
Lye Concentrated B D
Lye Solutions A A
Magnesium Bisulfate A B
Magnesium Carbonate B B
Magnesium Chloride D D
Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) B A
Magnesium Nitrate B B
Magnesium Oxide A A
Magnesium Sulfate A B
Maleic Acid B B
Maleic Anhydride A A
Malic Acid A A
Malt Beverages A A
Manganese Sulfate B B
Mash A A
Mayonnaise C A
Mercuric Chloride D D
Mercuric Chloride (Dilute Solution) D D
Mercuric Cyanide C C
Mercurous Nitrate B B
Mercury A A
Mesityl Oxide A A
Methane A A
Methanol A A
Methyl Acetate A B
Methyl Acetone A A
Methyl Alcohol B A
Methyl Alcohol 10% A A
Methyl Amine A A
Methyl Bromide A A
Methyl Butyl Ketone A A
Methyl Cellosolve B B
Methyl Chloride A A
Methyl Chloride (Dry) A A
Methyl Chloride (Wet) A A
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) A A
Methyl Formate B B
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK) B B
Methyl Isopropyl Ketone A A
Methyl Methacrylate B B
Methylamine A A
Methylene Chloride B B
Milk A A
Mineral Oil A A
Mineral Spirits A A
Mixed Acids D D
Molasses A A
Monochloroacetic acid D B
Monochlorobenzene B B
Monochlorodifluoro Methane A A
Monoethanolamine A B
Motor oil A A
Muriatic Acid D D
Mustard D D
Naphtha A A
Naphthalene A B
Napthenic Acid A A
Natural Gas A A
Neatsfoot Oil A A
N-Hexaldehyde A A
Nickel Chloride D C
Nickel Nitrate B B
Nickel Sulfate B B
Nitrating Acid (<15% HNO3) C D
Nitrating Acid (>15% H2SO4) C C
Nitrating Acid (S1% Acid) C A
Nitrating Acid (S15% H2SO4) C C
Nitric Acid – 10% A A
Nitric Acid – 20% A A
Nitric Acid – 25% A A
Nitric Acid – 35% A A
Nitric Acid – 50% B A
Nitric Acid – 70% A A
Nitric Acid (5-10% Solution) A A
Nitric Acid (Conc.) A A
Nitric Acid (Red Fuming) B B
Nitric Acid Dilute A A
Nitrobenzene B B
Nitrogen A A
Nitromethane A A
Nitrous Acid B B
Nitrous Oxide D B
O-Dichlorobenzene B B
Oils: Aniline A A
Oils: Castor A A
Oils: Cinnamon A A
Oils: Citric A A
Oils: Clove A A
Oils: Coconut A A
Oils: Cod Liver A A
Oils: Corn B A
Oils: Cottonseed C A
Oils: Creosote B B
Oils: Crude A A
Oils: Diesel Fuel (20,30,40,50) A A
Oils: Fuel (1,2,3,5A,5B,6) A A
Oils: Ginger D D
Oils: Hydraulic Oil (Petro) A A
Oils: Hydraulic Oil (Synthetic) A A
Oils: Lemon A A
Oils: Linseed A A
Oils: Mineral A A
Oils: Neatsfoot A A
Oils: Olive B A
Oils: Orange A A
Oils: Palm A A
Oils: Peanut A A
Oils: Peppermint A A
Oils: Pine A A
Oils: Rapeseed A A
Oils: Rosin A A
Oils: Sesame Seed A A
Oils: Silicone A A
Oils: Soybean A A
Oils: Sperm (whale) A A
Oils: Tanning A A
Oils: Transformer A A
Oils: Tung (Wood Oil) A B
Oils: Turbine A A
Oils: Vegetable A A
Oleic Acid A A
Oleum 100% (Fuming Sulfuric) A A
Oleum 25% B B
Oleum Spirits B B
Olive Oil B A
Oxalic Acid (cold) D D
Oxygen A A
Ozone B B
Paint Thinner, Duco B A
Paints & Solvents A A
Palm Oil A A
Palmitic Acid B A
Paraffin A A
Peanut Oil A A
Pentane C C
Peppermint Oil A A
Perchloric Acid D D
Perchloroethylene B A
Petrolatum A A
Petroleum A A
Petroleum Ether A A
Phenol (10%) B B
Phenol (Carbolic Acid) B B
Phenol Sulfonic Acid B B
Phosphoric Acid – 20% A B
Phosphoric Acid (>40%) D D
Phosphoric Acid (crude) D B
Phosphoric Acid (S40%) D C
Phosphoric Acid Aerated A B
Phosphoric Acid Air Free D A
Phosphoric Acid Boiling D D
Phosphorous Trichloride Acid A A
Phosphorus A A
Phosphorus Trichloride A A
Photographic Developer A A
Photographic Solutions D A
Phthalic Acid B B
Phthalic Anhydride A A
Picric Acid D D
Pine Oil A A
Plating Solutions – Antimony A A
Plating Solutions – Arsenic A A
Plating Solutions – Brass A A
Plating Solutions – Bronze A A
Plating Solutions – Bronze (Cu-Sn Bronze Bath 160°F) A A
Plating Solutions – Bronze (Cu-Zn Bronze Bath 100°F) A A
Plating Solutions – Cadmium (Fluoborate Bath 100°F) A A
Plating Solutions – Chrome A A
Plating Solutions – Copper (Copper Fluoborate Bath 120°F) A D
Plating Solutions – Gold A D
Plating Solutions – Indium A C
Plating Solutions – Iron A A
Plating Solutions – Lead A C
Plating Solutions – Nickel A A
Plating Solutions – Silver A A
Plating Solutions – Tin B A
Plating Solutions – Zinc A A
Potash (Potassium Carbonate) B B
Potassium Acetate B B
Potassium Aluminum Sulfate D B
Potassium Bicarbonate B B
Potassium Bichromate B B
Potassium Bromide D B
Potassium Carbonate (Potash) B B
Potassium Chlorate B B
Potassium Chloride C C
Potassium Chromate B B
Potassium Cyanide B B
Potassium Dichromate B B
Potassium Ferricyanide B B
Potassium Ferrocyanide B B
Potassium Hydrate A B
Potassium Hydroxide B A
Potassium Hypochlorite D B
Potassium Iodide B A
Potassium Nitrate B B
Potassium Oxolate B B
Potassium Permanganate B B
Potassium Sulfate B B
Potassium Sulfide B B
Potassium Sulfite B A
Propane A A
Propane (Liquified) A A
Propyl Acetate A A
Propyl Alcohol A A
Propylene B A
Propylene Glycol B B
Propylene Oxide A A
Pydraul A A
Pyridine B B
Pyrogallic Acid D B
Pyroligneous Acid (Wood Vinegar) B B
Quinine Bisulfate B B
Quinine Sulfate B B
Rapeseed Oil A A
Rosin B B
Rosin Oil A A
Rum A A
Rust Inhibitors A A
Sal Ammoniac B A
Salad Dressings A A
Salicylic Acid B B
Salt Brine B D
Salt Water C B
Sea Water C C
Sesame Seed Oil A A
Sewage A A
Shellac A A
Shellac (Bleached) A A
Shellac (Orange) A A
Silicone A A
Silicone Oil A A
Silver Bromide D D
Silver Chloride D D
Silver Cyanide A A
Silver Nitrate B B
Soap Solutions A A
Soda Ash A A
Sodium Acetate B B
Sodium Acid Sulfate D B
Sodium Aluminate A A
Sodium Aluminum Sulfate D A
Sodium Bicarbonate A B
Sodium Bichromate B B
Sodium Bisulfate D C
Sodium Bisulfite C B
Sodium Borate C B
Sodium Borate (Borax) B B
Sodium Bromide C C
Sodium Carbonate A A
Sodium Chlorate B B
Sodium Chloride C C
Sodium Chromate B B
Sodium Cyanide A B
Sodium Ferrocyanide B B
Sodium Fluoride D D
Sodium Hydroxide (20%) B B
Sodium Hydroxide (50%) B B
Sodium Hydroxide (80%) D D
Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda-Lye) A A
Sodium Hypochlorite D A
Sodium Hypochlorite (<20%) C C
Sodium Hypochlorite (100%) D D
Sodium Hyposulfate A A
Sodium Hyposulfite D D
Sodium Metaphosphate D D
Sodium Metasilicate A A
Sodium Nitrate B B
Sodium Nitrate Moten B A
Sodium Perborate B C
Sodium Peroxide B A
Sodium Phosphate B B
Sodium Polyphosphate B B
Sodium Silicate (Water Glass) A B
Sodium Sulfate (Salt Cake) B B
Sodium Sulfide B D
Sodium Sulfite D B
Sodium Tetraborate A A
Sodium Thiosulfate B B
Sorghum A A
Soy Sauce D D
Soybean Oil A A
Stannic Chloride D D
Stannous Chloride C A
Starch B B
Stearic Acid B B
Stoddard Solvent A A
Styrene A A
Sugar (Liquids) A A
Sulfate (Liquors) B B
Sulfate Liquor Black B B
Sulfite Liquor B B
Sulfolane D B
Sulfur D D
Sulfur Chloride D D
Sulfur Dioxide D A
Sulfur Dioxide (dry) D A
Sulfur Dioxide Gas Dry A A
Sulfur Trioxide B C
Sulfur Trioxide (dry) D C
Sulfuric Acid (<10%) D C
Sulfuric Acid (10-75%) D D
Sulfuric Acid (75-100%) C D
Sulfuric Acid (cold concentrated) C B
Sulfuric Acid (hot concentrated) D C
Sulfuric Acid Fuming Oleum B B
Sulfurous Acid D B
Syrup A A
Tall Oil D B
Tallow A A
Tannic Acid B A
Tanning Liquors A A
Tar And Tar Oil B A
Tar, Bituminous A B
Tartaric Acid C C
Terpineol A A
Tertiary Butyl Catechol B B
Tetra Ethyl Lead A A
Tetrachloroacetic Acid D D
Tetrachloroethane C A
Tetrachloroethylene A B
Tetrahydrofuran A A
Tetralin A A
Tetraphosphoric Acid B B
Thionyl Chloride D D
Tin Molten C C
Tin Tetrachloride D D
Titanium Tetrachloride B B
Toluene (Toluol) A A
Toluene At 70° A A
Tomato Juice A A
Tomato Pulp & Juice A A
Transformer Oil A A
Transmission Fluid (Type A) A A
Tributyl Phosphate A A
Trichloroacetic Acid D D
Trichloroethane B B
Trichloroethylene B B
Trichloromonofluoroethane (Freon 17) A A
Trichloropropane A A
Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon 113) A A
Tricresyl Phosphate B B
Tricresylphosphate B B
Triethanol Amine A A
Triethanolamine A A
Triethyl Phosphate A A
Triethylamine A A
Triphenyl Phosphite A A
Trisodium Phosphate B B
Tung Oil A B
Turbine Oil A A
Turpentine A A
Urea B B
Uric Acid B B
Urine A A
Vanilla Extract A A
Varnish A A
Vegetable Juice A A
Vegetable Oil A A
Vegetable Oil (Hot) B B
Vinegar B A
Vinyl Acetate B B
Vinyl Chloride B A
Water A A
Water, Acid Mine B B
Water, Boiler Feed A A
Water, Brackish A A
Water, Deionized A A
Water, Demineralized A A
Water, Distilled A A
Water, Fresh A A
Water, Salt C C
Water-Brine, Process, Beverage B B
Waxes D A
Weed Killers A A
Whey A A
Whiskey A A
Whiskey & Wines A A
White Liquor (Pulp Mill) B A
White Water (Paper Mill) A A
Wine A A
Wood Pulp A A
Xylene B B
Zinc Carbonate B B
Zinc Chloride D D
Zinc Cyanide A A
Zinc Hydrosulfite A A
Zinc Molten D D
Zinc Nitrate A A
Zinc Sulfate B A

Monitoring the Solar Eclipse Using PASCO Sensors

Last Monday, on April 8th we were lucky enough to witness the rare phenomenon of a complete solar eclipse. Before the eclipse we set up many different PASCO sensors to see how it affects different environmental factors. We set up PASCOs Wireless Weather Sensor with GPS, Wireless Temperature Sensor, and Wireless Light & Colour Sensor.

The weather sensor was set up to remote log from 10am until 4:30 pm at a sample rate of 1 second. After data collection we graphed the absolute humidity (g/m^2), relative humidity (%), and the UV Index in SPARKvue. As you can see around the time when the partial eclipse starts the UV index begins to fall and the relative humidity begins to increase. At the moment of complete totality UV index hits its minimum value of 0 and the relative humidity hits a maximum of 60%. Much like the UV Index absolute humidity begins decreasing at the time of the partial eclipse, however it hits its minimum value of 4.0 g/m^2 before the moment of complete totality.

 

Unlike the Wireless Weather Sensor both the Wireless Temperature and Light & Colour Sensors were set to remote log from 12 pm to 4:30 pm. The Wireless Temperature Sensor begins to increase from around 12- 2pm, at the beginning of the partial eclipse (140 on the X-axis) there is already a slow decrease down from a high of 14.6℃. The temperature reaches its lowest value 7.8℃ a few minutes after complete totality.

 

The Wireless Light & Colour Sensor showed some of the most interesting and instantaneous effects of the eclipse. Both red and blue light are rather consistent in their readings until the moment of totality where there is a sharp decrease in the % of red light and a Sharp Increase in the percentage of blue light. Both illuminance and white light follow a similar pattern of a parabolic shape, both reaching a minimum value of 0 at the moment of totality

 

 

Many thanks to PASCO sensors, whose contribution was integral to the success of this project! Their sensors enabled us to gather precise data effortlessly, minimizing the need for constant supervision. PASCO’s sensors serve as ideal educational tools for classrooms, helping students grasp fundamental concepts across physics, chemistry, and biology.

Featured Products:

Wireless Temperature Sensor

Wireless Weather Sensor with GPS

Wireless Light & Colour Sensor 

Eclipses and Animal Behavior

A solar eclipse catches the attention of people for its beauty and awe, but we might not be the only ones who notice. Many animals also recognize a change in their environment. As the sky darkens and the temperature drops, some species behave peculiarly.

Keeping Your Pet Safe

Worried that your pet will get scared during the eclipse?

It is unlikely that dogs and cats will react to solar eclipses, as they typically do not have a strong biological or behavioral response to changes in light or natural phenomena like eclipses.

However, it is possible that some dogs or cats may become confused or disoriented by the sudden change in light, especially if they are outside during the eclipse. Also, excited crowds can cause anxiety for some pets, so be careful about bringing your furry friend along if you decide to view the solar eclipse from a public place.

To ensure your pet’s safety and comfort during an eclipse, it is generally best to keep them indoors or in a calm, secure environment. You may also want to consider providing your pet with distractions such as toys or treats to keep them occupied and help them feel at ease.

Visit our eclipse page for information on when and where to view upcoming solar eclipses!

Wildlife Reactions to a Solar Eclipse

Wild animals tend to have more overt responses to eclipses than our domestic companions. Some animals may become disoriented or confused by the sudden change in light, while others may simply adjust their activities to the altered conditions.


For example, some birds may stop singing during an eclipse, return to their nests, or stop flying. Researchers reason this is likely because they perceive the darkness as a signal that it is time to roost for the night. Animals that usually start stirring at sunset like frogs and crickets may start to chirp. Some spiders may take down their webs, only to rebuild them again when the sunlight returns. Nocturnal animals such as bats and owls may become active during the eclipse, while diurnal animals such as squirrels and deer might be more active just before and after the eclipse.


In some cases, animals may exhibit unusual or even erratic behavior during an eclipse. For example, researchers have observed ants and bees behaving as if it is nighttime during a total solar eclipse, even though it is still light enough to see. One study during the 1984 eclipse watched as chimpanzees at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center climbed up their enclosure as high as they could and turned to face the sky.

In a study conducted during the 2017 eclipse at the Riverbanks Zoo in South Carolina, researchers found that 76% of the animals they observed exhibited a behavioral change in response to the total eclipse. Most of these behaviors were typical of the animal’s evening routine.


Some of the behaviors, however, indicated some level of anxiety for the animal. For instance, a head male gorilla charged his glass enclosure, and one male giraffe proceeded to sway his entire body, including his neck, back and forth. Strangely, all the baboons ran around their pen together as totality approached, despite having just been in two separate groups. Once totality passed, they stopped running and returned to their previous arrangement. Flamingos also behaved out of character, huddling together on an island in the center of their enclosure and remaining still. As totality waned, the flock dispersed to their usual groups.

The response of animals to solar eclipses is complex and varies depending on a variety of factors, including the species, their natural behaviors, and the specifics of the eclipse itself. So, while enjoying the wonder of a solar eclipse, take note of any animals around you–you might spot some interesting behaviors!

Want to measure light and temperature during an upcoming eclipse for yourself? Check out our collection of free eclipse activities, or learn how to build your own pinhole projector with our DIY Eclipse Handbook.

Order PASCO Eclipse Glasses HERE!

History of Solar Eclipses

Solar eclipses have fascinated humans for thousands of years, and many ancient cultures have developed their own myths and legends to explain these rare astronomical events.

 

Early Explanations

One of the earliest known records of a solar eclipse comes from the ancient Chinese, who recorded an eclipse in 2136 BCE. They believed that a dragon was devouring the Sun, and civilians would make loud noises and bang on pots and pans to scare it away.

In ancient Greece, the philosopher Anaxagoras correctly predicted a solar eclipse in 478 BCE. He was the first to suggest that the Moon shines by reflecting light from the Sun, and he was imprisoned for this proposal. His research led to his discovery that eclipses are caused by the Moon blocking the Sun’s light when it passes in front of it. However, his scientific explanation for the phenomenon was not widely accepted until centuries later.

Another Greek philosopher, Aristotle, later refined this theory, explaining that the Earth was at the center of the universe and that the Moon’s orbit was slightly tilted relative to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. This meant that eclipses occurred when the Moon passed directly between the Sun and Earth, casting a shadow on the planet.

The ancient Maya of Central America were also skilled astronomers and recorded solar eclipses in their calendars. They believed that the eclipses were a sign of impending doom, so they would perform elaborate rituals to appease the gods.

In the Middle Ages, Islamic astronomers developed more accurate models of the movements of the Sun, Moon, and planets. The Persian astronomer Al-Battani, for example, refined the earlier Greek models, proposing that the Moon’s orbit around the Earth was elliptical rather than circular.

By the time of the Renaissance, scientists had developed even more sophisticated theories to explain eclipses, incorporating ideas such as the rotation of the Earth and the elliptical orbits of the planets.

Today, astronomers have a detailed understanding of the mechanics of eclipses, and are able to predict the exact timing and location of these rare astronomical events with great precision. Solar eclipses are still a source of wonder and fascination, and astronomers and scientists continue to study them to gain a better understanding of our universe.

 

Famous Eclipses

Eclipses that make it to the status of “famous” are generally those that have led to scientific discovery. Some, though, were noted for the sheer number of people who witnessed them.

One of the first recorded eclipses was the Thales of Miletus Eclipse in 585 BCE. The ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus correctly predicted the solar eclipse would occur during a battle between the Lydians and the Medes; however, historians debate the exact year the eclipse occurred, and Thales’ method to predict the event remains uncertain. Regardless, upon observing the phenomenon in the sky, soldiers on both sides laid down their weapons and called a truce to end the war.

In 1715, the famous astronomer Edmund Halley (of Halley’s comet) correctly calculated the event of a solar eclipse within four minutes over England. Halley used Isaac Newton’s newfound theory on gravitation for his prediction, and he’s credited with funding the publication of Newton’s work in the Principia.

The Total Solar Eclipse of 1919 is famous for providing the first experimental evidence for Einstein’s theory of general relativity; Einstein predicted that some stars would appear in a different position in the sky during the eclipse due to the Sun’s gravity bending the starlight. Astronomers observed this shift in position to be accurate, and Einstein published his complete theory soon after.

The Solar Eclipse of August 11, 1999 was the first visible total solar eclipse in the United Kingdom since 1927, and the first visible in Europe in nearly ten years. It was one of the most photographed eclipses in history, viewable to over 350 million people.

The Great American Eclipse of 2017 was a total solar eclipse that was visible–at least partially–across the entire United States. Millions of people watched, as it was the first total solar eclipse to span the United States since 1918.

Why Carolina Perfect Solution® Specimens?

Safe. Quality. Convenient.

Carolina’s commitment to providing the highest quality specimens has led to Carolina’s Perfect Solution, a unique and revolutionary fixative that is improving the conditions of lab dissections. 

  • No formalin odour
  • Natural texture and colour
  • Non toxic 
  • No ventilation required
  • Regular garbage disposal  

See the difference between Perfect Solution Specimens and Traditional Specimens.

No need to compromise

Provide your students with higher quality preserved specimens, and an enhanced dissection experience while also increasing the safety of the learning environment. Carolina’s Perfect Solution is a great alternative to traditional formaldehyde-preserved specimens.

Carolinas Perfect Solution offers multiple injection options which alters the number of colours visible in the specimens. These injections are useful in helping students better understand the anatomy of specimens. For beginner level students, a plain injection may be best. There are also latex injections that are used for a more enhanced study, with different colour options. Single injection highlights red arteries, double injection highlights red arteries and blue veins, and triple injection includes red arteries, blue veins, and yellow hepatic systems. Vivid colours allow for easy identification of internal tissues, organs, and systems.

Our goal is to provide the best and safest preserved specimens available. Carolina’s unique preservation method provides slow firming action that results in more life-like tissues and organs with natural colours and texture. Tissues are pliable and easy to dissect. Perfect Solution specimens last just as long as formalin specimens, and refrigeration is not required for long term storage, they can be kept at room temperature out of direct sunlight. In addition, no harmful chemicals such as glutaraldehyde are used in the fixing process (common in traditional formalin specimens).

Independent, certified laboratory analysis of specimens fixed in Carolina’s Perfect Solution have found them to be nontoxic and free of dangerous off-gassing. Classrooms and labs using these specimens do not require specialized ventilation. However, some active ventilation is recommended when working with any preserved specimens or chemicals. Due to the safe nature of Carolina’s Perfect Solution, there are no mandated disposal requirements. Be sure to check with local sewer and landfill authorities, as procedures may vary. 


Which Bullfrog Would You Rather Dissect?

Carolina’s Perfect Solution® Specimen

  • Vivid colours allow for easy identification of internal tissues, organs, and systems
  • Expertly injected to facilitate studies of the circulatory system
  • Tissues are pliable and easy to dissect

 

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